Literatur bahasa Inggris menyebutkan bahwa auxiliary terdiri dari (1) be yaitu is, am, are, was, were, being, dan been (2) have yaitu, have, has, having, dan had, serta (3) do yaitu, do, does, dan did (4) modal yaitu, will, shall, must, should, would, may, might, can, dan could. Jadi bisa dipahami bahwa modal adalah bagian dari auxiliary verb. Lalu apa bedanya? Auxiliary verb selain modal tidak memiliki arti literal, misalnya is, am, are kita tidak tahu artinya apa, sedangkan modal yang terdiri dari will, must, can, dkk mereka memiliki arti literal, misalnya will akan, must harus, dan can dapat. Hanya saja fungsi mereka adalah sama yaitu sebagai kata kerja pembantu. Untuk lebih jelasnya silahkan baca pembahasan antara auxiliary dan modal di tautan INI.
| AUXILIARY | USES | PRESENT/FUTURE | PAST |
|----------------|----------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|
| May | Polite request | May I borrow your pen? | |
| | Formal Permission | You may leave the room | |
| | Less than 75% certainty | -- Where is John? He may be at the library | He may have been at the library |
| Might | Less than 50% certainty | --Where is John? He might be at the library | He might have been at the library |
| | Polite request (rare) | Might I borrow your pen? | |
| Should | Advisability | I should study tonight | I should have studied last night |
| | 90% certainty | She should do well on the test. (future only, not present) | She should have done well on the test |
| Ought to | Advisability | I ought to study tonight | I ought to have studied last night |
| | 90% certainty | She ought to do well on the test. (future only, not present) | She ought to have done well on the test |
| Had better | Advisability with threat of bad result | You had better be on time, or we will leave without you. | (past form uncommon) |
| Be supposed to | Expectation | Class is supposed to begin at 10 this morning | Class was supposed to began at 10 yesterday morning |
| Be to | Strong expectation | You are to be here at 09:00 | You were to be here at 09:00 |
| Must | Strong necessity | I must go to class today | I had to go to class yesterday |
| | Prohibition (negative) | You must not open that door | |
| | 95% certainty | John isn’t around. He must be sick. (present only) | John must have been sick yesterday |
| Have to | Necessity | I have to go to class today | I had to go to class yesterday |
| | Lack of necessity (negative) | I do not have to go to office today | I did not have to go to office yesterday |
| Have got to | Necessity | I have got to go to class today | I had to go to class yesterday |
| Will | 100% certainty | He will be here at 06:00 (future only) | |
| | Willingness | --The phone is ringing I will get it | |
| | Polite request | Will you pass the book please | |
| Be going to | 100% certainty | He is going to be here at 06:00 (future only) | |
| | Definite plan | I am going to paint my room (future only) | I was going to paint my room, but I did not have time. |
| Can | Ability/Possibility | I can run fast | I could run fast when I was a child, but now I can’t |
| | Informal permission | You can use my car tomorrow | |
| | Informal polite request | Can I borrow your pen? | |
| | Impossibility (negative only) | That cannot be true!! | That cannot have been true!! |
| Could | Past ability | | I could run fast when I was a child |
| | Polite request | Could I borrow your pen? Could you help me? | |
| | Suggestion | --I need help in math You could talk to your teacher | You could have talked to your teacher |
| | Less than 50% certainty | --Where is John? He could be at home | He could have been at home |
| | Impossibility (negative only) | That could not be true!! | That could not have been true!! |
| Be able to | Ability | I am able to help you. I will be able to help you. | I was able to help him |
| Would | Polite request | Would you please pass the salt? Would you mind if I left early? | |
| | Preference | I would rather go to the park than stay home. | I would rather have gone to the park. |
| | Repeated action in the past | | When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend. |
| Used to | Repeated action in the past. | | I used to visit my grandparents every weekend. |
| Shall | Polite question to make a suggestion | Shall I open the window? | |
| | Future with ‘I’ or ‘we’ as subject | I shall arrive at 09:00 (will = more common) | |Belajar Auxiliary Verb
Auxiliary verb merupakan kata kerja tambahan yang digunakan bersamaan dengan main verb untuk menambahkan arti. Be, have, do, dan modal merupakan auxiliary verb. Ujian TOEFL sering memuat soal mengenai auxiliary verb ini.
Contoh dalam kalimat:
1. BE + -ing
The farmers are cultivating a new plant variety to gain their harvest.
2. HAVE + participle
The farmers have cultivated a new plant variety to gain their harvest.
3. MODAL + verb word.
The farmers should cultivate a new plant variety to gain their harvest
Contoh soal dalam tes TOEFL:
The game is interesting, but all the participants struggling.
A B C D
Analisa soal
Jawaban yang mesti Anda pilih adalah D. Participants struggling seharunsya participants are struggling. Subject + BE + Verb -ing.
Correct answer
The game is interesting, but all the participants are struggling
In Bahasa Indonesia: Permainan ini menarik, tetapi semua peserta sedang berjuang.
Dalam auxiliary verb yang harus Anda perhatikan adalah:
- selalu gunakan BE untuk verb -ing
- seallu gunakan HAVE untuk participle, dan
- selalu gunakan modal untuk kata kerja
Sehingga pada soal di atas penggunaan verb -ing (struggling) tanpa didahului BE tidak dibenarkan.
Formula untuk auxiliary verb pasif
S + BE + participle
- A new plant variety is cultivated by the farmers to gain their harvest.
- A new plant variety has been cultivated by the farmers to gain their harvest.
- A new plant variety should be cultivated by the farmers to gain their harvest.